APA Citations (7th ed.)

Audiovisual media may have:

• Both visual and audio components (e.g., films, TV shows, YouTube videos)
• Audio components only (e.g., music, speech recordings)
• Visual components only (e.g., artwork, PowerPoint slides, photographs)

Describe the audiovisual work in square brackets--for example, "[Film]," "[TV series]," "[Audio podcast episode]," "[Song]," "[Painting]," and so forth in the title element of the reference.

In the source element, provide the name of the production company for films, TV series, or podcasts; or the name of the streaming video site that hosts a streaming video.

If you want to reproduce an audiovisual work rather than just cite it, you may need to seek permission from the copyright owner.

Authors of audiovisual works are determined by media type:

• The director should be credited as the author of a film. However, if the director is unknown, someone in a similar role can be credited instead to aid reader in retrieving the work; the description of role in this case matches what is on the work and is flexible.
• It is not necessary to specify how you watched a film. However, the format or other descriptive information may be included--within square brackets, following the word "Film" and a semi-colon--when you need to specify the version used (e.g., when there is special commentary version).

Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring [Film; four-disc special extended ed. on DVD]. Wingnut Films; The Saul Zaentz Company.

Jonze, S. (Director). (2013). Her [Film]. Annapurna Pictures.

Norcross, J. C. (Guest Expert), & Levenson, H. (Host). (2017). Integrative psychotherapy supervision [Film; educational DVD]. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310959

Parenthetical citations: (Jackson, 2001; Jonze, 2013; Norcross & Levenson, 2017)

Narrative citations: Jackson (2001), Jonze (2013), and Norcross and Levenson (2017).

• When a film title is in a different language than your paper, include a translation of the title in square brackets.

Carné, M. (Director). (1943). Les Enfants du Paradis [Children of Paradise] [Film]. Pathé.

Parenthetical citation: (Carné, 1943)

Narrative citation: Carné (1943)

• When the series spans multiple years, separate the years with an en dash. If the series is still airing, replace the second year with the word "present": (2015–present).

Hoffman, J. (Executive producer). (2021–present). Only murders in the building [TV series]. 20th Century Fox Television; 20th Television; 40 Share Productions; Another Hoffman Story Productions; Rhode Island Ave. Productions.

Parenthetical citation: (Hoffman, 2021–present)

Narrative citation: Hoffman (2021–present)

• Include writer(s) and the director for the episode. Include the contributor roles in parentheses after each contributor's name. "Writer" and "Director" are shown in the example, but "Executive Director" or other role descriptions might also be used.
• Provide the season number and episode number after the title in parentheses.

Levy, S. (Director), Duffer, M. (Writer), Duffer, R. (Writer), & Dichter, P. (Writer). (2022, May 27). Dear Billy (Season 4, Episode 4) [TV series episode]. In The Duffer Brothers, S. Levy, & D. Cohen (Executive Producers), Stranger things. 21 Laps Entertainment; Monkey Massacre; Netflix.

Youssef, R. (Director), Osei-Kuffour, S. (Writer), Storer, C. (Writer), & Levitsky-Weitz, S. (Writer). (2023, June 22). Honeydew (Season 2, Episode 4) [TV series episode]. In C. Storer (Creator), The bear. FX Productions; Super Frog.

Parenthetical citations: (Levy et al., 2022; Youssef et al., 2023)

Narrative citations: Levy et al. (2022) and Youssef et al. (2023)

• When the TED Talk comes from TED's website, use hte name of the speaker as the author. When the TED Talk is on YouTube, list the owner of the YouTube account as the author to aid in retrieval.
• When the speaker is not listed as the author, integrate their name into the narrative if desired.

Blackhawk, N., & Means, J. D. (2021, December). The dark history of Mount Rushmore [Video]. TED-Ed. https://www.ted.com/talks/ned_blackhawk_and_jeffrey_d_means_the_dark_history_of_mount_rushmore

TED. (2023, August 11). In the age of AI art, what can originality look like? | Eileen Isagon Skyers [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA70ZGCC1f4

Parenthetical citation: (Blackhawk & Means, 2021; TED, 2023)

Narrative citation: Blackhawk & Means (2021) and TED (2023)

• Use this format only for recorded, retrievable webinars.
• Cite unrecorded webinars as personal communications.

Tummala-Narra, U. (2023, April 12). What is cultural competence from a psychoanalytic perspective? [Webinar]. American Psychiatric Association. https://apa.content.online/catalog/product.xhtml;jsessionid=
402c932a1f6be7b3d1119a5ba30d?eid=42925

Parenthetical citation: (Tummala-Narra, 2023)

Narrative citation: Tummala-Narra (2023)

• The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for retrievability, even if they did not create the work. Note the contributions of others who appear in the video in the text narrative if desired.
• If the author has a username, include it after the real name of the individual in square brackets.

Kalisa, M. (2023, June 5). Play it safe [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/channels/staffpicks/833455285

McCabe, J. [How to ADHD]. (2021, August 31). ADHD in women [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMpt40zNK-w

Wired. (2018, February 20). Neuroscientist Anil Seth answers neuroscience questions from Twitter [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EklA4lAkkoA

Parenthetical citations: (Kalisa, 2023; McCabe, 2021; Wired, 2018)

Narrative citations: Kalisa (2023), McCabe (2021), and Wired (2018)