APA Citations (7th ed.)

In-text citations provide the author and date of publication of a source. This allows the reader to locate the corresponding entry in the reference list at the end of the paper.

Each work cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text.

There are a few exceptions to this rule, including:

• Personal communications, which are unrecoverable sources and are cited in the text only.
• General mentions of whole websites or periodicals and common software or apps in the text do not require a citation or reference list entry.
• The source of an epigraph does not usually appear in the reference list.
• Quotations from research participants can be presented and discussed in the text but do not need citations or reference list entries.

In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative.

In parenthetical citations, the author name and publication date (or equivalent information) appear in the parentheses. Parenthetical citations may appear within or at the end of a sentence.

In narrative citations, this information is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence.

Examples of each are provided below.

When a parenthetical citation is at the end of a sentence, put the period or other end punctuation after the closing parenthesis.

     Patriarchal advertising often results in the oppression of feminism in social media, furthering issues of online bullying, threats, and shaming (Obermiller, 2022).
 

If other text appears with the parenthetical citation, use commas around the year.

     (see Obermiller, 2022)
 

When text and a citation appear together in parenthesis, use a semicolon to separate the citation from the text; do not use parentheses within parentheses.

     (e.g., gender stereotypes; Obermiller, 2022)

The author appears in running text and the date appears in parentheses immediately after the author name for a narrative citation.

     Obermiller (2022) noted the dangers of patriarchal advertising on social media bias.

In rare cases, the author and date might both appear in the narrative. In this case, do not use parentheses.

     In 2022, Obermiller noted the dangers of patriarchal advertising on social media bias.

Note: The year can be omitted from a repeated narrative citation, but only when multiple narrative citations to a work appear within a single paragraph (see p. 265 in the manual for an example).

Parts of a source may include:

• pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, supplemental materials, or footnotes from an article, book, report, webpage, or other work;
• chapters, forewords, or other sections of author books;
• time stamps of videos or audiobooks; and
• slide numbers in PowerPoint presentations.

For religious and classical works with canonically numbered parts common across editions (e.g., books, chapters, verses, lines, cantos), cite the part instead of the page number.

Examples:

     (World Health Organization, 2023, p. 7)

     (Barnes, 2021, Chapter 4)

     (Yang, 2019, pp. 32-44)

     (Khan, 2019, paras. 3-4)

     (Hammond & Sanchez, 2022, Table 1)

     (Thomas, 2016, Epidemiology section, para. 5)

     (Rahman, 2018, Slide 12)

     (The Art Institute of Chicago, 2014, 1:17:47)

     (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Rom. 8:28)

     (Aristotle, ca. 350 B.C.E./1994, Part II)

     (Shakespeare, 1623/1995, 1.3.22-24)

Note: The examples above that have two dates separated by a slash are due to translated, reprinted, republished, or reissued works. The original publication date of the work is presented first.